ISSN: 1579-9794
Hikma 23(1) (2024), 357 - 362
SVOBODA, TOMÁŠ; BIEL, ŁUCJA; SOSONI, VILELMINI (EDS.).
INSTITUTIONAL TRANSLATOR TRAINING. LONDON & NEW YORK,
ROUTLEDGE, 2023, 247 PP., ISBN 978-1-032-12575-6.
For many translation students, the possibility of working as a translator
in a major international institution can certainly be an attractive career goal.
Over the years, numerous degree programmes have sprung up in many
different countries, and schemes such as the European Masters in Translation
(EMT) consortium, steered by the European Commission’s Directorate-
General for Translation, have fostered the development of relationships
between universities and different international organisations (see Schmitt,
2012; Way, 2020: 192-193). With the industry evolving rapidly due to factors
like machine translation, post-editing, and artificial intelligence, institutional
translation is not excluded from the ever-present requirement to update skills,
knowledge, and competencies, as well as to incorporate new initiatives into
training and professional development (see, for instance, Nitzke, Tardel, &
Hansen-Schirra, 2019; Angelone, 2022; Massey, Piotrowska, & Marczak,
2023).
Though various facets of institutional translation have been studied by
scholars (e.g., Koskinen, 2014; Svoboda, Biel, & Łoboda, 2017; Prieto Ramos,
2020), the focus of this volume on training-related aspects represents a clear
novelty. In encompassing a broader spectrum, Institutional Translator Training
addresses the need for research grounded in rich scholarly, pedagogical, and
institutional expertise. Edited by the leading translation studies scholars
Tomáš Svoboda, Łucja Biel, and Vilelmini Sosoni, the work’s fifteen chapters
are authored by many well-known names who contribute the necessary
perspectives from universities and international institutions.
The volume is introduced by the three editors, who define and outline
the current state of research on institutional translation as well as summarise
each contribution. In noting that to date “no synthetic publication has been
available focusing on training in this research field” (p. 2), this pioneering book
therefore fills an important gap in the current scholarly literature.
The first and longest part of the book is dedicated to the role of
competencies in institutional translator training. It opens with a co-authored
contribution by Nicolas Froeliger, Alexandra Krause, and Leena Salmi, which
forms part of a larger project surveying the competencies of translation
students and professionals linked to the 35 core skills listed in the penultimate
EMT Competence Framework (European Commission, 2017). Having
previously conducted a similar survey with EMT students, the authors discuss
the findings of an internet-based questionnaire filled in by over 400 active
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institutional translators and contrast the results of the two studies before
proposing some further research options.
In Chapter 2, Anne Lafeber presents the results of a 2021 online survey
conducted with institutional translators and revisors at organisations affiliated
with IAMLADP (International Annual Meeting on Language Arrangements,
Documentation and Publications). Building on the results of a previous smaller
survey which took place in 2010, the questionnaire had over 1,000
respondents from 40 institutions, who answered questions pertaining to the
perceived importance of 51 key skills. These data were analysed and
presented in scatter charts, with the competencies arranged into four
categories from A to D, with those in Category A representing the highest
recruitment priorities. Subsequently, this information was contrasted with the
2010 survey, noting the change in importance accorded to skills relating to
contextual knowledge and computer-assisted translation tools. Finally, on the
question of aligning the necessary competencies and skills with the needs and
expectations of various stakeholders, Lafeber concludes that “it will be up to
those who train and employ institutional translators to remain abreast of
changes […] so that they can adjust their hiring processes and training
programmes accordingly” (p. 45)
In Chapter 3, Fernando Prieto Ramos and Diego Guzmán analyse a
corpus of translator vacancy notices at several international institutions to
determine how job profiles, academic backgrounds, and competencies have
changed in the fifteen-year period from 2005 to 2020. Their statistical analysis
charts how expected roles and duties have evolved over this time, comparing
and contrasting differences between the highlighted institutions. In the next
chapter, Tomáš Svoboda and Vilelmini Sosoni examine the intersection
between language and translation technology and institutional translation,
underlining how training in relevant language and translation technologies is
integrated into institutional translation. They summarise the present state of
affairs in the translation directorates of two EU institutions before providing the
detailed results of a survey on the topic circulated among institutional
translators (this was, in fact, a sub-section of the large-scale survey discussed
in Chapter 1).
In Chapter 4, Kristian Tangsgaard Hvelplund provides the results of his
study on how institutional translators actually use digital resources in familiar
professional environments. Using screen recording software, he analysed
how seven EU translators translated two text types (a legal document and a
press release) from English into their Danish L1, thus providing key details
about institutional translators’ day-to-day professional habitus. The important
intersection between quality and training is the subject of the following
contribution by Vilelmini Sosoni, which first outlines the tendering and quality
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assurance procedures for external providers of translations outsourced by EU
institutions, before presenting the findings of two semi-structured interviews
with contractors active in this domain.
Comprising the shortest section of the book with three chapters, Part II
revolves around institutional translator training at the tertiary level. In Chapter
7, Catherine Way and Anna Jopek-Bosiacka analyse current provision for the
specialist teaching of institutional translation in university contexts, offering a
detailed presentation of the named electives and even full degree
programmes offered in the subject at various universities across Europe and
beyond. However, their study uncovers how market changes have frequently
led universities “to broaden the scope of the translation modules” and attach
“generic” (p. 146) module titles, leading to the conclusion that the efforts of
universities running translator training programmes should go beyond any
specific named courses to centre “on preparing translators capable of working
in an institutional context” (p. 147).
In Chapter 8, Łucja Biel and M. Rosario Martín Ruano centre on how
international institutions work together with translator training institutions.
They provide a comprehensive overview of the internships, networks, and
collaborative projects available, as well as pedagogical assistance through
visiting translator schemes and relevant training opportunities for translation
students and teachers. Chapter 9, by Lorena Baudo, is an account of a case
study which demonstrates international collaboration between a translator
training institution and an international organisation. In this instance, she
profiles a joint terminology project between translation students at the
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, and the World Intellectual
Property Organisation (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland.
The six chapters in Part III focus on the provision of translation-related
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) at international organisations on
three continents. In Chapter 10, Brian Mossop draws on his years of
experience in designing and running intensive revision workshops for
translators working for various Canadian and international institutions.
Building on his own background as a staff translator for the Canadian federal
government’s Translation Bureau, he outlines the typical structure, topics, and
format of these seminars. The subsequent chapter moves to China, where
Tao Li examines the institutional context of the China Foreign Languages
Publishing Administration (CFLPA), which was founded in 1949 and is the
country’s principal institution for translating political documents and
government policies. Accordingly, Li interviews one of the organisation’s
translation team leaders on three main areas relevant to the scope of the
volume: key competencies for translators, institutional requirements for the
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use of outsourced translators, and the role of CPD and further training for in-
house staff in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Chapters 12 and 13 go on to discuss the provision of translation-related
CPD at two EU institutions. Within the framework of wider EU multilingualism
policies, Valter Mavrič, head of the Directorate-General for Translation of the
European Parliament (DG TRAD), highlights the directorate’s focus on clear
language and the importance of making parliamentary topics available in three
formats: text, audio, and video. He outlines the necessary changes to the
institutional translator profile that have been put into practice, as well as the
specific training needs required to respond to these developments. Merit-Ene
Ilja then presents the CPD training framework at the European Commission’s
Directorate-General for Translation (DGT). Noting the directorate’s
commitment to upskilling and lifelong learning, she provides a detailed
overview of the current provision and the development and implementation of
new translator profiles within that institution. Taken together, both chapters
contain important on-the-ground perspectives regarding how updated and
evolving training needs can be incorporated into the specific professional
environment of the EU institutions.
The penultimate chapter is structured as an interview between volume
editor Łucja Biel and two senior officials in the Directorate-General for
Multilingualism at the Court of Justice of the European Union, namely Madis
Vunder and Claude-Olivier Lacroix. Predominantly descriptive in nature, it
covers extensive ground relating to the recruitment, initial training, and CPD
provision available to the highly specialised lawyer-linguists working at the
Court. The final chapter is a second contribution by Anne Lafeber, who
presents the available training options for translators at the United Nations in
New York. This overview covers aspects such as initial training, online
learning, skills enhancement, as well as the creation of communities of
practice among UN translation staff.
In adeptly combining academic and applied perspectives, Institutional
Translator Training is a resource beneficial not only for scholars and in-house
translators but also for translation students and their trainers, as well as those
considering institutional translation as a career. Considering shifting trends in
language careers in general, an avenue worth exploring would be to compare
and contrast some of the book’s findings (such as the evolution of the current
professional landscape, the alignment of various training-related
competencies to satisfy institutions and universities, and deeper collaboration
between them), for example in a future volume dedicated to institutional
interpreter training. The use of different methodological approaches such as
interviews, surveys, and desk-based studies ensures that the findings are
presented in innovative ways, and the institutions highlighted in the various
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chapters represent a broad geographical range. However, noting the added
value of the chapters containing practitioner insights from the EU and UN
institutions (see Part III), it would perhaps have been appreciated to have
similar insights from multilingual supranational or intergovernmental
institutions outside of the European/North American context. This could
include, for example, contributions from the translation directorates at
organisations such as CARICOM or the African Union; indeed, this is perhaps
a comparative aspect that could be developed further at a later date.
To summarise, this edited volume appears at a vital moment when the
translation profession is undergoing fundamental change, with decisive
implications for education and training. Indeed, a common thread linking the
book’s diverse contributions is the recognition of how rapidly and profoundly
the sector is transforming. By outlining and discussing these important issues,
this is a landmark volume which brings together new perspectives on the
training and development of translators in the ever-evolving institutional
translation context.
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NTONY HOYTE-WEST]