The Transformation of Social Services in Comparative Perspective: Reform Trends and Strategies in Response to New Social Risks

Abstract

Contemporary welfare state systems are facing unprecedented pressure, simultaneously challenged by budget constraints, demographic changes, labour market shifts and the emergence of new social risks (NSRs). This essay analyses, from a comparative perspective, the trends and reform strategies undertaken by social services to respond to these challenges. Through a desk-based analysis that integrates secondary quantitative data (EU-SILC, OECD, Eurostat) and a review of the international literature, the contribution focuses on three crucial dimensions: territorial asymmetries in service delivery and quality, the complexities of multi-level and multi-sectoral governance, and strategies for innovation and adaptation. The results highlight a marked divergence between Nordic models, characterised by universalism and high institutional capacity, and Mediterranean and Eastern European models, where territorial fragmentation and administrative weakness exacerbate inequalities. The most effective reform strategies appear to be those that combine operational decentralisation with strong national coordination, integration of services (health, social, employment), activation of public-private-third sector partnerships, and massive investment in human capital and digital technologies. The discussion concludes that the future sustainability of social services will depend on their ability to transition from a remedial and passive model to a preventive, active and personalised model, overcoming governance challenges and territorial disparities.