Plethon and the Maltese Dogs
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Abstract
George Gemistos, also known as Plethon (c. 1355/1360-1452 or 1454), is widely acknowledged for his extensive and profound knowledge of ancient Greek and Byzantine literature. A meticulous examination of the numerous instances of his engagement with this literary tradition offers a promising avenue for achieving a deeper understanding of his philosophical thought. In this study, the sources and implications of Plethon’s use of the simile of Maltese dogs – originating from ancient Greek and Byzantine contexts – in two specific instances during his lifetime are identified and analyzed. The first instance of this metaphor appears in one of his earliest works, the Συμβουλευτικὸς πρὸς τὸν δεσπότην Θεόδωρον περὶ τῆς Πελοποννήσου (commonly referred to as De Rebus Peloponnesiacis Oratio I). The second occurs in one of his later writings, his Reply to George Scholarios (c. 1400-1472 or slightly later), which was a response to Scholarios’s refutation of Plethon’s De Differentiis (Πρὸς τὰς Σχολαρίου ὑπὲρ Ἀριστοτέλους ἀντιλήψεις). In both cases, Plethon employed the simile to critique specific moral and intellectual shortcomings. The first critique targeted the greed of the Christian courtiers of Mistras, a vice that significantly undermined the stability of the despotate of Mistras. The second critique addressed the boastfulness of George Scholarios, coupled with his inability to articulate and implement a coherent philosophical program.
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Cod. Parisinus graecus 1289 (Diktyon 50898).
Cod. Pantocratorinus 127 (= Hagiou Orous 1161) (Diktyon 29146)
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