Reconstructing Middle Byzantine Arabo-Greek Astrology from Later Greek Manuscripts
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
This paper sheds light on one aspect of the large-scale influx of Arabic scientific knowledge into Byzantium through an analysis of three Byzantine astrological compendia that contain texts originally written in Greek as well as those translated from Arabic to Greek. While written c. 1200–1400, each manuscript contains a compilation that was assembled in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The paper first considers the dating of each of the three compilations and shows the utility in using these late Byzantine manuscripts to study Middle Byzantine astrology. Second, it analyzes the Arabic texts translated in these compilations and uses them to explain the chronology and the scale of the translation of astrological material from Arabic to Greek. Third, it considers how the Arabic and Greek material is combined within these manuscripts, and what the resulting synthesis says about Middle Byzantine astrology writ large.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Política propuesta para las revistas que ofrecen acceso abierto
Los autores que publican en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
a. Desde el número IV y para los números futuros, la política de la editorial es que los autores conserven los derechos de autor y concedan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación con el trabajo licenciado simultáneamente bajo una Licencia de Atribución Creative Commons que permita a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
b. Los autores pueden establecer acuerdos contractuales adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión publicada del trabajo en la revista (por ejemplo, enviarlo a un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
c. Se permite y anima a los autores a publicar su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de presentación, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor del trabajo publicado (Véase The Effect of Open Access).
Bibliografía
Bibliography
Abū Maʿshar, The Great Introduction to Astrology, ed. Keiji Yamamoto, Charles Burnett, David Pingree, Brill, Boston 2019 (Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science, 106).
Abū Maʿshar, De revolutionibus nativitatum, ed. David Pingree, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1968 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
Adler, William, « Did the Biblical Patriarchs Practice Astrology? Michael Glykas and Manuel Komnenos I on Seth and Abraham », in The Occult Sciences in Byzantium, La Pomme d’or, Geneva 2006, p. 245–263.
Al-Farghānī, On the Astrolabe, trans. Richard Lorch, Steiner, Stuttgart 2005 (Boethius, 52).
Boll, Franz, « Dodekaeteris », in Georg Wissowa (ed.), Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. V.1, J. B. Metzlersche Buchhandlung, Stuttgart 1905, p. 1254–1255.
Boudet, Jean-Patrice, « The Medieval Latin Versions of Pseudo-Ptolemy’s Centiloquium: A Survey », in David Juste, Benno van Dalen, Dag Nikolaus Hasse, Charles Burnett (eds.), Ptolemy’s Science of the Stars in the Middle Ages, Brepols, Turnhout 2020 (Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus – Tools and Studies, 1), p. 282–304.
Brunet, Marc-Émile-Prosper-Louis, « Siméon Seth médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas, sa vie, son oeuvre », Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 1939.
Burgmann, Ludwig, « Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit im byzantinischen Recht », in Ideologie e pratiche del reimpiego nell’alto Medioevo: 16–21 aprile 1998, Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo, Spoleto 1999 (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo, 46), p. 591–612.
Burnett, Charles, « Translation and Transmission of Greek and Islamic Science to Latin Christendom », in David C. Lindberg, Michael H. Shank (eds.), The Cambridge History of Science, vol. II: Medieval Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013 p. 341–364.
Burnett, Charles, « Aristotle as an Authority on Judicial Astrology », in José Francisco Meirinhos, Olga Weijers (eds.), Florilegium mediaevale: études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l’occasion de son éméritat, Fédération Internationale des Instituts d’Études Médiévales, Louvain-la-Neuve 2009 (Textes et études du moyen âge, 50), p. 39–62.
Burnett, Charles, « A Hermetic Programme of Astrology and Divination in mid-Twelfth-Century Aragon: The Hidden Preface in the Liber Novem Iudicum », in Charles Burnett, William F. Ryan (eds.), Magic and the Classical Tradition, Warburg Institute-Nino Aragno Editore, London–Turin 2006 (Warburg Institute Colloquia, 7), p. 99–118.
Burnett, Charles, « The Transmission of Arabic Astronomy via Antioch and Pisa in the Second Quarter of the Twelfth Century », in Jan P. Hogendijk, Abdelhamid I. Sabra (eds.), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, Cambridge 2003, p. 23–51.
Burnett, Charles, « Antioch as a Link between Arabic and Latin Culture in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries », in Anne Tihon, Isabelle Draelants, Baudouin Van den Abeele (eds.), Occident et Proche-Orient: contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades: actes du colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve, 24 et 25 mars 1997, Brepols, Turnhout 2000, p. 1–78.
Burnett, Charles, « Astrological Translations in Byzantium », in Martin Hauser, Ioana Feodorov, Nicholas V. Sekunda, Adrian George Dumitru (eds.), Actes du Symposium internationale. Le livre. La Roumanie. L’Europe, vol. III: Latinité orientale, Biblioteca Bucureştilor, Bucarest 2012, p. 178–183.
Carmody, Francis J., Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin translation; A Critical Bibliography, University of California Press, Berkeley 1956.
Caudano, Anne-Laurence, « Astrological Practices in the Handbooks of the Komnenoi Period », in Michael Grünbart (ed.), Unterstützung bei herrscherlichem Entscheiden: Experten und ihr Wissen in transkultureller und komparativer Perspektive, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2021 (Kulturen des Entscheidens, 5), p. 40–55.
Caudano, Anne-Laurence, « An Astrological Handbook from the Reign of Manuel I Komnenos », Almagest, 3/2 (2012), p. 46–65.
Charette, François, Schmidl Petra G., « Al-Khwārizmī and Practical Astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad. The Earliest Extant Corpus of Texts in Arabic on the Astrolabe and Other Portable Instruments », SCIAMVS, 5 (2004), p. 101–198.
Chitwood, Zachary, Byzantine Legal Culture and the Roman Legal Tradition, 867–1056, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017.
Connelly, Coleman, « Contesting the Greek Past in Ninth-Century Baghdad », Ph.D. Diss., Harvard University 2016.
Crofts, Carole Mary, « Kitāb al-Iḵtiyārāt ʿalā l-buyūt al-iṯnai ʿašar by Sahl ibn Bišr al-Isrāʾīlī with its Latin translation De Electionibus », Ph.D. Diss., University of Glasgow 1985.
Dalton, Ormonde M., The Byzantine Astrolabe at Brescia, H. Milford, London 1926.
Dorotheus, Carmen astrologicum, ed. David Pingree, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1976 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
Fisher, Elizabeth A., « Arabs, Latins and Persians Bearing Gifts: Greek Translations of Astrolabe Treatises, ca. 1300 », Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 36/2 (2012), p. 161–177.
Grupe, Dirk, « Stephen of Pisa’s Theory of the Oscillating Deferents of the Inner Planets (1h. 12th C.) », Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 71/5 (2017), p. 379–407.
Gutas, Dimitri, « Arabic into Byzantine Greek: Introducing a Survey of the Translations », in Andreas Speer, Philipp Steinkrüger (eds.), Knotenpunkt Byzanz: Wissensformen und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen, De Gruyter, Boston 2012 (Miscellanea mediaevalia, 36), p. 246–264.
Gutas, Dimitri, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʿAbbāsid Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th centuries), Routledge, London–New York 1998.
Harig, Georg, « Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth », Medizinhistorisches Journal, 2/3–4 (1967), p. 248–268.
Hephaestio of Thebes, Apotelesmaticorum Epitomae Quattor, ed. David Pingree, vol. II, De Gruyter, Berlin–Boston 1974 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
Jenkins, David, « Michael Psellos », in Anthony Kaldellis, Niketas Siniossoglou (eds.), The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017, p. 447–461.
John Kamateros, « Poëmes astronomiques de Théodore Prodrome et de Jean Camatère », ed. E. Miller, Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 23/2 (1872), p. 1–113.
John Philoponus, Traité de l’astrolabe, ed. and trans. Claude Jarry, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2015 (Collection des universités de France. Série grecque, 512).
John Philoponus, De usu astrolabii eiusque constructione, ed. Alfred Stückelberger, De Gruyter, Berlin 2015 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057, trans. John Wortley, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010.
John Skylitzes, Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, ed. Hans Thurn, Walter De Gruyter, Berlin–New York 1973 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, 5).
Jones, Alexander, An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy, J.C. Gieben, Amsterdam 1987 (Corpus des astronomes byzantins, 3).
Kaldellis, Anthony, Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition, Cambridge University Press, New York 2007.
Kaldellis, Anthony, Siniossoglou Niketas (eds.), The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017.
Kambylis, Athanasios, Eustathios über Pindars Epinikiendichtung: ein Kapitel der klassischen Philologie in Byzanz, Joachim Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Hamburg 1991 (Berichte aus den Sitzungen der Joachim Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Jahrg., 9/1).
Kunitzsch, Paul, « The Chapter on the Fixed Stars in Zaradusht’s Kitab al-Mawalid », Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 8 (1993), p. 241.
Kunitzsch, Paul, « Die arabische Herkunft von zwei Sternverzeichnissen in cod. Vat. gr. 1056 », Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 120/2 (1970), p. 281–287.
László, Levente, « Julianus of Laodicea and His Astrological Fragments », Mnemosyne, 74 (2021), p. 1–20.
Lauritzen, Frederick, « Between the Past and the East: Symeon Seth’s Nutritional Advice to Michael VII Doukas », in Brigitte Pitarakis (ed.), Hayat kisa, sanat uzun: Bizans’ta şifa sanatı = Life is Short, Art Long: The Art of Healing in Byzantium, Pera Museum, Istanbul 2015, p. 124–134.
Lemay, Richard, « Origin and Success of the Kitāb Thamara of Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm: From the Tenth to the Seventeenth Century in the World of Islam and the Latin West », in Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, Ghada Karmi, Nizar Namnum (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science, April 5–12, 1976, vol. II, Aleppo University Press, Aleppo 1978, p. 91–107.
Lempire, Jean, « D’Alexandrie à Constantinople: le commentaire astronomique de Stéphanos », Byzantion, 81 (2011), p. 241–266.
Magdalino, Paul, « Astrology at the Court of Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) », in Michael Grünbart (ed.), Unterstützung bei herrscherlichem Entscheiden: Experten und ihr Wissen in transkultureller und komparativer Perspektive, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2021 (Kulturen des Entscheidens, 5), p. 160–170.
Magdalino, Paul, L’orthodoxie des astrologues: la science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance, VIIe–XIVe siècle, Lethielleux, Paris 2006.
Magdalino, Paul, « The Year 1000 in Byzantium », in Paul Magdalino (ed.), Byzantium in the year 1000, Brill, Boston 2003 (The Medieval Mediterranean, 45), p. 233–270.
Magdalino, Paul, « The Byzantine Reception of Classical Astrology », in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring (eds.), Literacy, education and manuscript transmission in Byzantium and beyond, Brill, Boston 2002, p. 33–57.
Magdalino, Paul, « The Road to Baghdad in the Thought-World of Ninth-Century Byzantium », in Leslie Brubaker (ed.), Byzantium in the Ninth Century: Dead or Alive? Papers from the Thirtieth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Birmingham, March 1996, Ashgate, Brookfield 1998 (Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies, 5), p. 195–213.
Māshāʼallāh, The Liber Aristotilis of Hugo of Santalla, ed. Charles Burnett, David Pingree, Warburg Institute, London 1997 (Warburg Institute Surveys and Texts, 26).
Mavroudi, Maria, « The Modern Historiography of Byzantine and Islamic Philosophy: A Comparison », Al-Masāq (2020), p. 1–18.
Mavroudi, Maria, « Translations from Greek into Latin and Arabic during the Middle Ages: Searching for the Classical Tradition », Speculum, 90/1 (2015), p. 28–59.
Mavroudi, Maria, A Byzantine Book on Dream Interpretation: The Oneirocriticon of Achmet and its Arabic Sources, Brill, Boston 2002.
Maximos, Le parafrasi bizantine del Περὶ καταρχῶν di Massimo: introduzione, testo critico, traduzione e note di commento linguisticio-filologico, ed. Paola Radici Colace, Edizioni Dr. A. Sfameni, Messina 1988 (Letteratura e civiltà bizantina, 4).
Mimura, Taro, « Too Many Arabic Treatises on the Operation of the Astrolabe in the Medieval Islamic World: Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī’s Treatise on Knowing the Astrolabe and His Editorial Method », Medieval Encounters, 23/1–5 (2017), p. 365–403.
Nasrallah, Joseph, « La liturgie des patriarchats melchites de 969 a 1300 », Oriens Christianus, 71 (1987), p. 156–181.
Neugebauer, Otto, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, vol. II, Springer-Verlag, New York 1975 (Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 1).
Neugebauer, Otto, Commentary on the Astronomical Treatise Par. gr. 2425, Palais des Académies, Brussels 1969 (Mémoires de la Classe des lettres 59/4).
Papaioannou, Stratis, Michael Psellos: Rhetoric and Authorship in Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013.
Papathanassiou, Maria, « Stephanos of Alexandria: A Famous Byzantine Scholar, Alchemist and Astrologer », in Paul Magdalino, Maria V. Mavroudi (eds.), The Occult Sciences in Byzantium, La Pomme d’or, Geneva 2006, p. 163–203.
Paul of Alexandria, Eisagōgika. Elementa apotelesmatica, eds. Otto Neugebauer, Emilie Boer, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1958 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
Pingree, David, « The Byzantine Translations of Masha’allah on Interrogational Astrology », in Paul Magdalino, Maria V. Mavroudi (eds.), The Occult Sciences in Byzantium, La Pomme d’or, Geneva 2006, p. 231–244.
Pingree, David, « The Sayings of Abū Maʿshar in Arabic, Greek, and Latin », in Valeria Sorge, Giancarlo Marchetti, Orsola Rignani (eds.), Ratio et superstitio: Essays in honor of Graziella Federici Vescovini, Brepols, Louvain-la-Neuve 2003 (Textes et Etudes du Moyen Âge, 24), p. 41–57.
Pingree, David, « The Ṣābians of Ḥarrān and the Classical Tradition », International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 9/1 (2002), p. 8–35.
Pingree, David, « From Alexandria to Baghdād to Byzantium. The Transmission of Astrology », International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 8/1 (2001), p. 3–37.
Pingree, David, From Astral Omens to Astrology: From Babylon to Bīkāner, Istituto Italiano per l’Africa et l’Oriente, Rome 1997.
Pingree, David, « Mâshâ’allâh: Greek, Pahlavï, Arabic and Latin Astrology », in Ahmad Hasnawi, Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal, Maroun Aouad (eds.), Perspectives arabes et médiévales sur la tradition scientifique et philosophique grecque. Actes du colloque de la SIHSPAI, Paris, 31 mars-3 avril 1993, Peeters, Leuven 1997, p. 123–136.
Pingree, David, « Classical and Byzantine Astrology in Sassanian Persia », Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 43 (1989), p. 227–239.
Pingree, David, « The Byzantine Tradition of Vettius Valens’s 'Anthologies' », Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 7 (1983), p. 532–541.
Pingree, David, « The Horoscope of Constantinople », in Yasukatsu Maeyama, Walter G. Saltzer (eds.), Prismata: Naturwissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studien. Festschrift für Willy Hartner, Steiner, Wiesbaden 1977, p. 305–315.
Pingree, David, « Antiochus and Rhetorius », Classical Philology, 72/3 (1977), p. 203–223.
Pingree, David, « The Indian and Pseudo-Indian Passages in Greek and Latin Astronomical and Astrological Texts », Viator, 7 (1976), p. 141–196.
Pingree, David, « The Astrological School of John Abramius », Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 25 (1971), p. 189–215.
Pingree, David, « Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy », Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 18 (1964), p. 133–160.
Pingree, David, Kennedy Edward S., The Astrological History of Māshāʼallāh Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1971 (Harvard Monographs in the History of Science, 5).
Pseudo-Māshāʾallāh, Pseudo-Māshāʾallāh, On the Astrolabe: A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation [online], ed. and trans. Ron B. Thomson, Version 1.6, Toronto 2020, <https://shareok.org/handle/11244/14221.2>, (accessed October 2021).
Pseudo-Māshāʾallāh, Une version byzantine du traité sur l’astrolabe du pseudo-Messahalla, ed. and trans. Régine Leurquin, Claudy Scheuren, and Anne Tihon, Bruylant-Academia, Louvain-la-Neuve 2001 (Corpus des astronomes byzantins, 10).
Ptolemy, Apotelesmatika, ed. Wolfgang Hübner, B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart 1998 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
Roueché, Mossman, « Stephanus the Philosopher and Ps. Elias: A Case of Mistaken Identity », Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 36/2 (2012), p. 120–138.
Sahl ibn Bishr, The Astrology of Sahl B. Bishr, Volume I: Principles, Elections, Questions, Nativities, trans. Benjamin N. Dykes, Cazimi Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota 2019.
Sahl ibn Bishr, The Introduction to the Science of the Judgments of the Stars, trans. James Herschel Holden, American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe 2008.
Stegemann, Viktor, Dorotheos von Sidon und das sogenannte Introductorium des Sahl ibn Bisr, Orientalisches Institut in Prague, Prague 1942 (Monographien des Archiv orientáli, 11).
Stephen of Alexandria, Le commentaire astronomique aux Tables faciles de Ptolémée attribué à Stéphanos d’Alexandrie, ed. and trans. Jean Lempire, Peeters, Louvain-La-Neuve 2016 (Publications de l’Institut orientaliste de Louvain, 68).
Symeon Seth, « Syméon Seth: Conspectus rerum naturalium; De utilitate corporum caelestium », in Armand Delatte (ed.), Anecdota atheniensia, Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres, Liège 1927 (Bibliothèque de la Faculté philosophie et lettres de l'Université de Liège, 88/II), p. 1–127.
Thomann, Johannes, « Astrolabes as Eclipse Computers: Four Early Arabic Texts on Construction and Use of the Ṣafīḥa Kusūfiyya », in Josefina Rodríguez-Arribas, Charles Burnett, Silke Ackermann, Ryan Szpiech (eds.), Astrolabes in Medieval Cultures, Brill, Leiden 2018, p. 8–44.
Tihon, Anne, « Les textes astronomiques arabes importés à Byzance aux XIe et XIIe siècles », in Anne Tihon, Isabelle Draelants, Baudouin Van den Abeele (eds.), Occident et Proche-Orient: contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades: actes du colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve, 24 et 25 mars 1997, Brepols, Turnhout 2000, p. 313–324.
Tihon, Anne, « Traités byzantins sur l’astrolabe », Physis, 32/2–3 (1995), p. 323–357.
Tihon, Anne, « L’astronomie à byzance a l’époque iconoclaste (VIIIe–IXe siècles) », in Paul Leo Butzer, Dietrich
Lohrmann (eds.), Science in Western and Eastern civilization in Carolingian times, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel–Boston 1993, p. 181–203.
Tihon, Anne, « Tables Islamiques à Byzance », Byzantion, 60 (1990), p. 401–425.
Tihon, Anne, « Sur l’identité de l’astronome Alim », Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences, 39 (1989), p. 3–21.
Treiger, Alexander, « The Beginnings of the Graeco-Syro-Arabic Melkite Translation Movement in Antioch », Scrinium, 16 (2020), p. 306–332.
Troianos, Spyros, « Η Νεαρά Κωνσταντίνου του Μονομάχου: ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναδείξει καὶ προβολῇ τοῦ διδασκάλου τῶν νόμων », Byzantina Symmeikta, 22 (2012), p. 243–263.
Usener, Hermann, De Stephano Alexandrino, A. Marcum, Bonn 1880.
Vettius Valens, Anthologiarum libri novem, ed. David Pingree, Teubner, Leipzig 1986 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana).
Wolska-Conus, Wanda, « Stephanos d’Athènes et Stephanos d’Alexandrie: Essai d’identification et de biographie », Revue des études byzantines, 47/1 (1989), p. 5–89.