The ROBOT-TALK corpus for recognising the robotic origin of Spanish texts

Main Article Content

Lara Alonso Simón
Ana María Fernández-Pampillón Cesteros
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-0159

Abstract

Abstract: ROBOT-TALK is a comparable corpus of human texts in Spanish and their counterparts written by large language models (LLMs). Its objective is to enable the study of possible linguistic features that differentiate between automatically generated texts and those written by humans. The corpus is a Spanish language resource for recognising human vs. “robotic” authorship of texts and it is designed to (1) enable contrastive linguistic studies between LLMs and humans or between LLMs, (2) study the linguistic evolution of LLMs, and (3) support the creation of linguistic methods and computational tools for attributing human or automatic authorship. It contains texts of three different genres in written language (scientific articles, news articles, and reviews). Each pair of texts, of similar length, deals with the same topic so that the two types of writing can be compared and the discursive characteristics of the texts can be reliably analysed. Samples are collected from gpt-3, text-davinci-003, babbage-002, curie, gpt-3.5-turbo, gpt-4, bloom, bard, gemini-2.0-flash, gemini-2.5-flash, falcon-180B-chat, Mixtral-8x7B -Instruct-v0.1, claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620, claude-3-7-sonnet-20250219 and DeepSeek-V3. The XML tagging of the texts in the corpus allows them to be queried with any text analysis tool that supports this markup standard. ROBOT-TALK has been used with the SketchEngine tool to perform (1) a linguistic analysis to find the most salient features that characterise the texts generated by LLMs; (2) a statistical analysis of linguistic features specific to LLMs compared to a possible general human style in Spanish; (3) a forensic linguistic analysis to verify the reliability of authorship attribution; and (4) the construction of automatic binary and multi-class classifiers based on machine learning to distinguish between robotic and human texts.

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How to Cite
Alonso Simón, L., & Fernández-Pampillón Cesteros, A. M. (2026). The ROBOT-TALK corpus for recognising the robotic origin of Spanish texts. Alfinge. Revista De Filología, 37, pp. 9–32. https://doi.org/10.21071/arf.v37i.18687
Section
Monographs

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