Translation of culture-bound terms Diachrony as decision making factor and glosses as a classification criterion
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Abstract
Although they are important in all types of translation, in literary translation culture-bound terms acquire special relevance due to the aesthetic effect of their treatment in expressive texts. They pose translation problems because they express idiosyncratic values linked to the foreign text, which are not shared by the target audience. The lack of equivalence may be complete (lacunae) or partial (losses in denotation/connotation). This paper resorts to a case study to analyse the two-directional influence of diachrony on translation decisions: a) caused by the evolution of the degree of opacity of culture-bound terms; and b) caused by changes in translation norms. The analysis is based on translation techniques. Among the most significant techniques for the transfer of culture-bound terms are glosses. Their relevance in literature is the result of the predominant use of an exoticising translation method. Since exoticization tends to cause comprehension problems, translators use (intratextual or extratextual) glosses to make these opaque elements transparent. Given the importance of glosses for this study, a second research question arises: Is there a causal link between the translation method and the type of gloss? To answer this as well as the other research questions, the corpus of analysis was based on the translation techniques regarding culture-bound terms of six Spanish versions of Franz Grillparzer’s short novel Der arme Spielmann. The analysis offers clear indications of the influence of diachrony on the decision-making process. Regarding the second question, the study reveals a direct link between the preferred type of gloss and the translation method. Finally, as an additional result, the paper includes a new proposal for classifying translation methods linked to glosses.
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