Problematic Internet use in primary school: time of use, family supervision and video problematic game use as predictors differentiating by gender
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Internet use time and problematic use has increased at early ages, and family supervision is socially promoted. Thus, it is common for households to allow more time at the weekend to use the Internet for various forms of leisure activities. On the other hand, among the frequent activities is the use of video games, and there is evidence of problematic use; however, it is not known to what extent all these factors may influence the prediction of problematic Internet use in primary school students. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze whether time spent using the Internet during the week and on weekends, family supervision and problematic use of video games predict problematic Internet use. Additionally, gender differences are examined. A total of 319 Spanish students of 5th-6th grade of Primary Education (52.4% boys) and mean age of 10.58 years participated in the study. By means of linear regressions, the results show that the greatest predictor is the problematic use of video games in both genders and somewhat higher in boys. Likewise, it is relevant that connection time during the week is the second risk factor and greater than weekend use time. Regarding family supervision, only girls benefit from their protective factor. The importance of family and school supervision in the use of the Internet by minors is discussed.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal retains the economic copyright of contributions that are accepted for publication. This means that it acquires the exclusive use of the document to be edited, disseminated, preserved, etc. in any support and for the time stipulated by the local legislation that regulates the performance of the publication.
Psychology, Society & Education is published under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
References
Alanko, D. (2023). The health effects of video games in children and adolescents. Pediatrics In Review, 44(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2022-005666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2022-005666
Andrade, B., Guadix, I., Rial, A., y Suárez, F. (2021). Impacto de la tecnología en la adolescencia. Relaciones, riesgos y oportunidades. Un estudio comprensivo e inclusivo hacia el uso saludable de las TRIC. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.es/publicacion/impacto-de-la-tecnologia-en-la-adolescencia
Bautista, P., Cano-Escoriaza, J., Sánchez, E. V., Cebollero-Salinas, A., y Orejudo, S. (2022). Improving adolescent moral reasoning versus cyberbullying: An online big group experiment by means of collective intelligence. Computers and Education, 189, Artículo 104594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.10459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104594
Benedetto, L., y Ingrassia, M. (2021). Digital parenting: Raising and protecting children in media world. En L. Benedetto y M. Ingrassia. Parenting - Studies by an ecocultural and transactional perspective (pp. 127-148). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92579
Brown, J. D. (2008). Effect size and eta squared. Shiken: JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG, 12(2), 38-43.
Cai, Z., Mao, P., Wang, Z., Wang, D., He, J., y Fan, X. (2023). Associations between problematic internet use and mental health outcomes of students: A meta-analytic review. Adolescent Research Review, 8(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00201-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00201-9
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
Carras, M. C., Van Rooij, T., Van de Mheen, D., Musci, R., Xue, Q. L., y Mendelson, T. (2017). Video gaming in a hyperconnected world: A cross-sectional study of heavy gaming, problematic gaming symptoms, and online socializing in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.060
Castaño-Pulgarín, S. A., Millán, K. L., y Herrera-López, H. M. (2021). Risks on the Internet: the role of family support in Colombian adolescents. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 53(19), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v19i53.3788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v19i53.3788
Cebollero-Salinas, A., Cano Escoriaza, J., y Orejudo Hernández, S. (2021). Abuso de Internet y adolescentes: gratificaciones, supervisión familiar y uso responsable. Implicaciones educativas y familiares. Digital Education Review, 39(39), 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2021.39.42-59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2021.39.42-59
Cebollero-Salinas, A., Bautista Alcaine, P., Iñiguez-Berrozpe, T., y Elboj Saso, C. (2022). Would you mind paying attention to me? Phubbing in adolescence as an Educational challenge in digital and face to face coexistence. Revista Complutense de Educacion, 33(4), 601-610. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.76360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.76360
Chacón-Cuberos, R., Espejo-Garcés, T., Martínez-Martínez, M. A., Zurita-Ortega, F., Castro-Sánchez, M., y Ruiz-Rico Ruiz, G. J. (2018). Conductas agresivas, victimización y uso problemático de videojuegos en escolares de educación primaria de la provincia de Granada. Revista Complutense de Educación, 29(4), 1011-1024. https://doi.org/10.5209/RCED.54455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/RCED.54455
Chamarro, A., Carbonell, X., Manresa, J. M., Munoz-Miralles, R., Ortega-Gonzalez, R., Lopez-Morron, M. R., Batalla-Martinez, C., y Toran-Monserrat, P. (2014). El Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con los Videojuegos (CERV): Un instrumento para detectar el uso problemático de videojuegos en adolescentes españoles. Adicciones, 26(4), 303-311. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.31
Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Chen, P.-H., Chiang, J.-T., Miao, N.-F., Chuang, H.-Y., y Liu, S. (2019). Children’s use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048
Coyne, S. M., Radesky, J., Collier, K. M., Gentile, D. A., Linder, J. R., Nathanson, A. I., y Rogers, J. (2017). Parenting and digital media. Pediatrics, 140(2), 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758N DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758N
Díaz-López, A., Maquilón-Sánchez, J. J., y Mirete-Ruiz, A. B. (2020). Maladaptive use of ICT in adolescence: Profiles, supervision and technological stress. Comunicar, 28(64), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-03
Fumero, A., Marrero, R. J., Voltes, D., y Peñate, W. (2018). Personal and social factors involved in internet addiction among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 387-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.005
Gómez, S. L., Boubeta, A. R., Suelves, D. M., y Rodríguez, J. R. (2022). Videojuegos, salud, convivencia y adicción: ¿Qué dice la evidencia científica? Psychology, Society & Education, 14(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14178
Griffiths, Mark D. The therapeutic and health benefits of playing video games. En A. Attrill-Smith, C. Fullwood, M. Keep y D. J. Kuss (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of cyberpsychology (pp. 485-505). Oxford Library of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198812746.013.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198812746.013.27
Harris, L. E., y Jacobs, J. A. (2022). Emerging ideas. Digital parenting advice: Online guidance regarding children’s use of the Internet and social media. Family Relations, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12813
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2022). Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares año 2022. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. https://www.ine.es/prensa/tich_2022.pdf
Irles, D. L., y Gomis, R. M. (2016). Impulsiveness and video game addiction. Salud y Drogas, 16(1), 33-40. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=83943611003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v16i1.255
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., y McCord, A. (2019). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
Malo-Cerrato, S., Martín-Perpiñá, M.-M., y Viñas-Poch, F. (2018). Uso excesivo de redes sociales: Perfil psicosocial de adolescentes españoles. Comunicar, 26(56), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.3916/C56-2018-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C56-2018-10
Marcos, V., Seijo Martínez, M. D., y Novo, M. (2021). Hábitos de uso de Internet y redes sociales: alfabetización digital y diferencias de género en una muestra de adolescentes. En A. Martos Martínez, A. B., Barragán Martín, M. M. Simón Márquez, M. M. Molero Jurado, J. J. Gázquez Linares, y M. Sisto (Eds.), Variables psicológicas y educativas para intervención en el ámbito escolar: Nuevos retos (pp. 319-326). Dykinson. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2gz3v1r.32
Ortega, R., Del Rey, R., y Sánchez, V. (2012). Nuevas dimensiones de la convivencia escolar y juvenil. Ciberconducta y relaciones en la red: ciberconvivencia. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Gobierno de España. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3141.1520
Park, N., y Lee, S. (2014). College students’ motivations for Facebook use and psychological otcomes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(4), 601-620. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2014.966355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2014.966355
Ponce-Gómez, J., Zych, I., y Rodríguez-Ruiz, J. (2023). Uso problemático de Internet por parte de los menores desde la perspectiva parental antes y después del confinamiento general por COVID-19. Psychology, Society & Education, 15(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.21071/pse.v15i1.15324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21071/pse.v15i1.15324
Salgado, P. G., Boubeta, A. R., Tobío, T. B., Mallou, J. V., y Couto, C. B. (2014). Evaluación y detección precoz del uso problemático de Internet entre adolescentes. Psicothema, 26(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.109
Sasson, H., y Mesch, G. (2016). The role of parental mediation and peer norms on the likelihood of cyberbullying. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 178(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2016.1195330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2016.1195330
Shin, W., y Kang, H. (2016). Adolescents’ privacy concerns and information disclosure online: The role of parents and the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.062
Shoshani, A., Braverman, S., y Meirow, G. (2021). Video games and close relations: Attachment and empathy as predictors of children’s and adolescents’ video game social play and socio-emotional functioning. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Artículo 106578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106578
Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., y Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Technical report. The London School of Economics and Political Science. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo
Song, H., Lee, Y., y Kim, J. (2020). Gender differences in the link between cyberbullying and parental supervision trajectories. Crime & Delinquency, 66(13-14), 1914-1936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720912371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720912371
Su, W., Han, X., Jin, C., Yan, Y., y Potenza, M. N. (2019). Are males more likely to be addicted to the Internet than females? A meta-analysis involving 34 global jurisdictions. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.021
Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., y Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to Internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific Internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, Artículo 106480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106480
Tas, I. (2019). The pattern of relationship between attachment styles, gaming addiction and empathetic tendency among adolescents. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 83, 125-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2019.83.6
Tras, Z. (2019). Internet addiction and loneliness as predictors of Internet gaming disorder in adolescents. Educational Research and Reviews, 14(13), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2019.3768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2019.3768
Vicente-Escudero, J. L., Saura-Garre, P., López-Soler, C., Martínez, A., y Alcántara, M. (2019). Adicción al móvil e Internet en adolescentes y su relación con problemas psicopatológicos y variables protectoras. Escritos de Psicología, 12, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v12i2.10065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v12i2.10065
Yaycı, L. (2021). Investigation of problematic Internet use and healthy lifestyle behaviors among high school students. European Journal of Education Studies, 8(10), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v8i10.3950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v8i10.3950