The influence of health-promoting schools on the students’ active and sedentary behaviour
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Physical inactivity and levels of sedentary behaviour among students are associated with health problems, and schools are one of the institutions with the greatest potential for promoting healthy habits. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a sample of schoolchildren according to gender, educational stage, and belonging (or not) to an Active school. A total of 727 students participated (50.3% girls; Mage = 12.8). Two questionnaires were used: the Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess physical activity levels and levels and the Young Leisure Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire to assess sedentary time. The results show that, regardless of school type: a) the vast majority did not comply with the guidelines, b) boys spent more time in physical activity and screen time than girls, and c) physical activity decreased and screen time increased as students progressed through the educational stage. However, while there were no differences in physical activity according to school type, students who did not belong to an Active school spent more time in sedentary screen time than those who did. These findings call into question the effectiveness of Active schools as a strategy to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary time by eliminating gender and educational stage differences. There is a need to improve intervention approaches in schools to promote holistically healthy and active lifestyles from childhood.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal retains the economic copyright of contributions that are accepted for publication. This means that it acquires the exclusive use of the document to be edited, disseminated, preserved, etc. in any support and for the time stipulated by the local legislation that regulates the performance of the publication.
Psychology, Society & Education is published under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
References
Ahmed, K. R., Kolbe-Alexander, T., & Khan, A. (2022). Effectiveness of a school-based intervention on physical activity and screen time among adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(3), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.007
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping. The Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series Inc.
Bailey, R., Ries, F., & Scheuer, C. (2023). Active schools in Europe. A review of empirical findings. Sustainability, 15(4), Article 3806. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043806
Beck, H., Tesler, R., Barak, S., Moran, D. S., Marques, A., & Harel Fisch, Y. (2021). Can health-promoting schools contribute to better health behaviors? Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and dietary habits among Israeli adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), Article 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031183
Biddle, S. J., Atkin, A. J., Cavill, N., & Foster, C. (2011). Correlates of physical activity in youth: A review of quantitative systematic reviews. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 25-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2010.548528
Biddle, S. J., Gorely, T., Pearson, N., & Bull, F. C. (2011). An assessment of self-reported physical activity instruments in young people for population surveillance: Project ALPHA. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(11), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-1
Benítez-Porres, J., Alvero-Cruz, J.R., Sardinha, L.B., López-Fernández, I., Carnero, E.A. (2016). Cut-off values for classifying active children and adolescents using the Physical Activity Questionnaire: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 33(5), 1036-1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.564
Borde, R., Smith, J. J., Sutherland, R., Nathan, N., & Lubans, D. R. (2017). Methodological considerations and impact of school-based interventions on objectively measured physical activity in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews: an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 18(4), 476-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12517
Brazo-Sayavera, J., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., González, S. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2021). Gender differences in physical activity and sedentary behavior: Results from over 200,000 Latin American children and adolescents. PLoS One, 16(8), Article e0255353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255353
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., … Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Cabanas-Sánchez, V., Martínez-Gómez, D., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Castro-Piñero, J., Conde-Caveda, J., & Veiga, Ó. L. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Youth Leisure-time Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (YLSBQ). Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(1), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.031
Cassar, S. Salmon, J., Timperio, A., Naylor, P., Van Nassau, F., Ayala, A. M., & Koorts, H. (2019). Adoption, implementation and sustainability of school-based physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions in real-world settings: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), Article 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0876-4
Cooper, A. R., Goodman, A., Page, A. S., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Andersen, L. B., Anderssen, S., Cardon, G., Davey, R., Froberg, K., Hallal, P., Janz, K. F., Kordas, K., Kreimler, S., Pate, R. R., Puder, J. J., Reilly, J. J., Salmon, J., Sardinha, L. B., Timperio, A., & Ekelund, U. (2015). Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), Article 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0274-5
Cope, E.C., & Bailey, R. (2017). A review of research and evidence on factors that impact on children’s sport and physical activity behaviours and attitudes. Sport England.
Crocker, P. R., Bailey, D. A., Faulkner, R. A., Kowalski, K. C., & McGrath, R. (1997). Measuring general levels of physical activity: Preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(10), 1344-1349. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199710000-00011
Daly-Smith, A., Quarmby, T., Archbold, V., Corrigan, N., Wilson, D., Resaland, G., Singh, A., & Chalkley, A. (2020). Using a multistakeholder experience-based design process to co-develop the Creating Active Schools Framework. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-0917-z
García-Vázquez, J. (2017). Effects of the School for Health network on students’ behaviour in Asturias (Spain). Health Promotion International, 32(2), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau076
García-Vázquez, J., Blanco, A. G., García, N., García, M., Álvarez, T., Rodríguez-Vigil, L., Martín, R., Valdeón, E., López, C., González, E., & Del Río, L. (2009). Evaluación de las escuelas promotoras de salud en Asturias (España). Global Health Promotion, 16(3), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975909339772
Generalitat Valenciana (2023). Guia Centre Educatiu Promotor de l’Activitat Física i l’Esport (CEPAFE). Projecte d’Esport, Activitat Física i Salut (PEAFS). Direcció General d’Esport.
González, K., Fuentes, J., & Márquez, J. L. (2017). Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and chronic diseases. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 38(3), 111-115. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111
Graham, D. J., Wall, M. M., Larson, N., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Multicontextual correlates of adolescent leisure-time physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(6), 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.01.009
Guthold, R., Stevens, G., Riley, L., & Bull, F. (2020). Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants. Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2
Hahnraths, M., Willeboordse, M., & Van Schayck, C. P. (2023). Challenges in evaluating implementation and effectiveness in real-world settings: Evaluation proposal for school-based health-promoting intervention. Health Promotion International, 38(1), Article daac185. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac185
Herlitz, L., MacIntyre, H., Osborn, T., & Bonell, C. (2020). The sustainability of public health interventions in schools: A systematic review. Implementation Science, 15, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-019-0961-8
Hynynen, S., van Stralen, M. M., Sniehotta, F. F., Araujo-Soares, V., Hardeman, W., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Vasankarif, T., & Hankonen, N. (2016). A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 22-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1081706
Iannotti, R. J., & Wang, J. (2013). Trends in physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, and BMI among U.S. adolescents, 2001-2009. Pediatrics, 132(4), 606-614. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1488
Inman, D., Van B., K., LaRosa, A., & Garr, D. (2011). Evidence-based health promotion programs for schools and communities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.031
Jago, R., Salway, R., House, D., Beets, M., Lubans, D. R., Woods, C., & De Vocht, F. (2023). Rethinking children’s physical activity interventions at school: A new context-specific approach. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1149883. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149883
Janz, K. F., Lutuchy, E. M., Wenthe, P., & Levy, S. M. (2008). Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(4), 767-772. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181620ed1
Jones, M., Defever, E., Letsinger, A., Steele, J., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2020). A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.009
Joyce, C., Honey, E., Leekam, S. R., Barrett, S., & Rodgers, J. (2017). Anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and restricted and repetitive behaviour: Insights directly from young people with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 3789-3802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3027-2
Katz, D. L., O'Connell, M., Njike, V. Y., Yeh, M. C., & Nawaz, H. (2008). Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1780-1789. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.158
Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E., & Faulkner, R. A. (1997). Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9(2), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.2.174
Kretschmer, L., Salali, G. D., Andersen, L. B., Hallal, P. C., Northstone, K., Sardinha, L. B., Dyble, M., Bann, D., & International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators. (2023). Gender differences in the distribution of children’s physical activity: Evidence from nine countries. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 20, Article 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01496-0
Kriemler, S., Meyer, U., Martin, E., Van Sluijs, E. M. F., Andersen, L. B., & Martin, B. W. (2011). Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: A review of reviews and systematic update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 923-930. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090186
Kuzik, N., Da Costa, B. G. G., Hwang, Y., Verswijveren, S. J. J. M., Rollo, S., Tremblay, M. S., Bélanger, S., Carson, V., Davis, M., Hornby, S., Huang, W. Y., Law, B., Salmon, J., Tomasone, J. R., Wachira, L.-J., Wijndaele, K., & Saunders, T. J. (2021). School-related sedentary behaviours and indicators of health and well-being among children and youth: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 189, Article 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01258-4
Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., Komro, K., Gibbs, L., Magnus, D., Campbell, R., & Synnot, A. (2014). The World Health Organization’s Health Promoting Schools framework: A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 14, Article 1222. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1222
Lleixà, T., González, C., Monguillot, M., Daza, G., & Braz, M. (2015). Indicadores de calidad para los centros escolares promotores de actividad física y deportiva. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 120, 27-35. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2015/2).120.04
Manchola-González, J., Bagur-Calafat, C., & Girabent-Farrés, M. (2017). Fiabilidad de la versión española del cuestionario de actividad física PAQ-C. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 17(65), 139-152.
Martínez-Gómez, D., Martínez-de-Haro, V., Pozo, T., Welk, G. J., Villagra, A., Calle, M., Marcos, A., & Veiga, O. (2009). Fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario de actividad física PAQ-A en adolescentes españoles. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 83, 427-439.
Ministerio de Sanidad, & Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes. (2023). Guía de escuelas promotoras de salud. Ministerio de Sanidad; Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes.
Moraleda-Cibrián, M., Albares-Tendero, J., & Pin-Arboledas, G. (2022). Screen media use and sleep patterns in Spanish adolescents during the lockdown of the coronavirus pandemic. Sleep and Breathing, 26, 1993-2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02558-y
Moreno, C., Ramos, P., Rivera, F., Sánchez, I., Jiménez-Iglesias, I., Moreno-Maldonado, C., Paniagua, C., Villafuerte-Díaz, A., Cria-Barreiro, E., Morgan, A., & Leal-López, E. (2020). La adolescencia en España: Salud, bienestar, familia, vida académica y social. Resultados del Estudio HBSC 2018. Ministerio de Sanidad. https://www.sanidad.gob.es/areas/promocionPrevencion/entornosSaludables/escuela/estudioHBSC/2018/resultados.htm
Morgan, A., & Ziglio, E. (2007). Revitalising the evidence base for public health: An assets model. Promotion & Education, 14(2), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/10253823070140020701x
Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Borghese, M. M., Carson, V., Chaput, J. P., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Pate, R. R., Connor, S., Kho, M. E., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2016). Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6), 197-239. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0663
Ramos, P., Pasarín, M. I., Artazcoz, L., Díez, E., Juárez, O., & González, I. (2013). Escuelas saludables y participativas: Evaluación de una estrategia de salud pública. Gaceta Sanitaria, 27(2), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.04.002
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27(1), 297-322. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100
Sevil-Serrano, J., Abarca-Sos, A., Abadías-Granado, J., Calvo-Ferrer, D., & García-González, L. (2017). Cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de práctica de actividad física y percepción de barreras en estudiantes de Bachillerato. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 12(36), 183-194.
Sevil-Serrano, J., Abós, A., Aibar, A., Simón-Montañés, L., & García-González, L. (2020). Orientaciones para la comunidad científica sobre el diseño, implementación y evaluación de intervenciones escolares sobre promoción de comportamientos saludables. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 15(46), 507-517. https://doi.org/10.12800/CCD.V15I46.1601
Sanders, T., Noetel, M., Parker, P., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Biddle, S., Ronto, R., Hulteen, R., Parker, R., Thomas, G., De Cocker, K., Salmon, J., Hesketh, K., Weeks, N., Arnott, H., Devine, E., Vasconellos, R., Pagano, R., Sherson, J., Conigrave, J., & Lonsdale, C. (2024). An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. Nature Human Behaviour, 8, 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8
Shalani, B., Azadfallah, P., & Farahani, H. (2021). Correlates of screen time in children and adolescents: A systematic review study. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 15(4), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v15i4.7740
St. Leger, L., & Nutbeam, D. (2009). A model for mapping linkages between health and education agencies to improve school health. Journal of School Health, 70(2), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07239.x
Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), Article e023191. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
Talavera, M. (2008). Estudio de las dificultades para desarrollar la educación para la salud en la red de escuelas promotoras de salud de la Comunidad Valenciana [Doctoral dissertation, Universitat de València].
Tapia-Serrano, M. A., Sevil-Serrano, J., Sanchez-Miguel, P. A., Lopez-Gil, J. F., Tremblay, M. S., & Garcia-Hermoso, A. (2022). Prevalence of meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines from pre-school to adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis including 387,437 participants and 23 countries. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(4), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.005
Valencia-Peris, A., Devís-Devís, J., & Peiró-Velert, C. (2016). Involvement in sedentary activities and academic performance in adolescents: Differences according to sociodemographic variables. Culture and Education, 28(2), 301-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2016.1158451
Van Sluijs, E. M., Ekelund, U., Crochemore-Silva, I., Guthold, R., Ha, A., Lubans, D., Oyeyemi, A. L., Ding, D., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2021). Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: Current evidence and opportunities for intervention. The Lancet, 398(10298), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01259-9
Van Sluijs, E. M., McMinn, A. M., & Griffin, S. J. (2007). Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: Systematic review of controlled trials. BMJ, 335(7622), Article 703. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39320.843947.BE
Velázquez-Romero, M. J., Padilla-Moledo, C., Segura-Jiménez, V., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Fernández-Santos, J. R., Senín-Calderón, C., & Graó-Cruces, A. (2021). Trends of sedentary time and domain-specific sedentary behavior in Spanish schoolchildren. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 92(3), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1749538
Wang, X., Li, Y., & Fan, H. (2019). The associations between screen time-based sedentary behavior and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 19, Article 1524. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7904-9
Warburton, D., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 32(5), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437
WHO & UNESCO. (2021). Making every school a health-promoting school: Implementation guidance. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240025073
Wu, L., Sun, S., He, Y., & Jiang, B. (2016). The effect of interventions targeting screen time reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 95(27), Article e4029. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004029