Short forms of the Wechsler adult scales: a systematic review
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Abstract
Introduction. Since the appearance of the first WAIS scale, there has been a widespread attempt by researchers in the assessment of cognitive abilities to find short forms that facilitate the clinical practice of professionals in those situations where conditions, either because of the time available or the clinical characteristics of patients, do not necessitate the use of an extensive tool. Objective. To carry out a systematic review of the short forms of up to four subtests extracted from the WAIS-III and WAIS-IV scales. Method. Search for information in the PsycINFO database and systematic review of the information following the PRISMA guidelines. Results. Of the 47 studies found, 36 were selected for full-text revision, of which 13 were finally included in this review: 6 of the WAIS-III and 7 of the WAIS-IV. Different forms achieved good results in the quality criteria established in a variety of samples. Discussion and conclusion. There are several forms that are useful for estimating the IQ, according to the samples and the quality criteria used.
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Jiménez Bascuñán, A. x, Fuentes-Durá, I., & Dasí , C. (2021). Short forms of the Wechsler adult scales: a systematic review. Psychology, Society & Education, 12(3), 187–200. Retrieved from https://journals.uco.es/psye/article/view/13974
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References
Allen, D. N., Huegel, S. G., Gurklis, J. A., Jr., Kelley, M. E., Barry, E. J., & van Kammen, D. P. (1997). Utility of WAIS–R short forms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 26(2-3), 163-172. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00052-2
Blyler, C. R., Gold, J. M., Iannone, V. N., & Buchanan, R. W. (2000). Short form of the WAIS-III for use with patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 46(2-3), 209-215. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00017-7
Brooks, B. L., & Weaver, L. E. (2005). Concurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(8), 1043-1051. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.005
Bulzacka, E., Meyers, J. E., Boyer, L., Le Gloahec, T., Fond, G., Szöke, A., Leboyer, M., & Schürhoff, F. (2016). WAIS-IV seven-subtest short form: Validity and clinical use in schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(8), 915-925.
Crawford, J. R., Allan, K. M., McGeorge, P., & Kelly, S. M. (1997). Base rate data on the abnormality of subtest scatter for WAIS-R short-forms. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 433-444. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01250.x
Crawford, J. R., Allum, S., & Kinion, J. E. (2008). An index-based short form of the WAIS-III with accompanying analysis of reliability and abnormality of differences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 215-237.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466507X258859
Denney, D. A., Ringe, W. K., & Lacritz, L. H. (2015). Dyadic short forms of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-IV. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(5), 404-412. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv035
Donders, J., & Axlerod, B. N. (2002). Two-subtest estimations of WAIS-III factor index scores. Psychological assessment, 14(3), 360. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.360
Donell, A., Pliskin, N., Holdnack, J., Axelrod, B., & Randolph, C. (2007). Rapidly-administered short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3rd edition. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(8), 917-924. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.06.007
Fuentes, I.; Romero, M., Dasí, C., & Ruiz, J. C. (2010). Versión abreviada del WAIS-III para su uso en la evaluación de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Psicothema, 22(2), 202-207.
Girard, T. A., Axelrod, B. N., Patel, R., & Crawford, J. R. (2015). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV dyads for estimating global intelligence. Assessment, 22(4), 441-448. doi:10.1177/1073191114551551
Girard, T. A., Axelrod, B. N., & Wilkins, L. K. (2010). Comparison of WAIS-III short forms for measuring index and full-scale scores. Assessment, 17(3), 400-405. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191110369763
Grégoire, J., & Wierzbicki, C. (2009). Comparaison de quatre formes abrégées de l'échelle d'intelligence de Wechsler pour adultes-troisiéme édition (WAIS-III). European Review of Applied Psychology / Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée, 59(1), 17-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2007.08.003
Iverson, G., Sherman, E., Myers, B., & Adams, R. (2000). Clinical usefulness of the WAIS-R seven-subtest short form in persons with lateralized brain lesions. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 18(3), 16-20.
Keefe, R. S., Vinogradov, S., Medalia, A., Silverstein, S. M., Bell, M. D., Dickinson, D., Ventura, D., Marder, S. R. & Stroup, T. S. (2011). Report from the working group conference on multisite trial design for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 37(5), 1057-1065.
Kulas, J. F., & Axelrod, B. N. (2002). Comparison of seven-subtest and Satz-Mogel short forms of the WAIS-III. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(7), 773-782. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.2009
Lange, R. T., Iverson, G. L., Viljoen, H., & Brink, J. (2007). Clinical validation of canadian WAIS-III index short forms in inpatient neuropsychiatry and forensic psychiatry. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(3), 434-441. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854040600584649
Lindau, M. & Najström, M. (2018): Cross-cultural applicability and reduction of the American seven-subtest short form of the WAIS on a Swedish non-clinical sample. Nordic Psychology, 1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1520643
López, M. J. L., González, J. M. R., Vilariño, C. S., & Linales, E. T. (2003). Utilidad de las formas cortas de la escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para adultos (WAIS). Anales De Psicología, 19(1), 55-63.
López, M. J. L., González, J. M. R., Vilariño, C. S., & Linales, E. T. (2002). Evaluación de la capacidad intelectual a través de una forma abreviada del WAIS. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnóstico Y Evaluación Psicologica, 13(1), 147-162.
Mendella, P. D., McFadden, L., Regan, J., & Medlock, L. (2000). Short-form prediction of WAIS—R scores in a sample of individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(2), 102-107. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0702_6
Meyers, J. E., Zellinger, M. M., Kockler, T., Wagner, M., & Miller, R. M. (2013). A validated seven-subtest short form for the WAIS-IV. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 20(4), 249-256. doi:10.1080/09084282.2012.710180
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7), e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Mueller, D. R., Schmidt, S. J., & Roder, V. (2015). One-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of integrated neurocognitive therapy for schizophrenia outpatients. Schizophrenia bulletin, 41(3), 604-616.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Olivier, T. W., Golden, C. J., Acevedo, A., Sterk, V. I., Espinosa, B.S., & Spengler, K. M. (2013). WAIS-IV index and full scale intelligence quotient score differences between standard and prorated scoring methods. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 3(1), 57-77.
Resnick, R. J., & Entin, A. D. (1971). Is an abbreviated form of the WISC valid for Afro-American children? Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(1), 97-99.
Ringe, W. K., Saine, K. C., Lactriz, L. H., Hynan, L. S., & Cullum, C. M. (2002). Dyadic short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. Assessment, 9(3), 254-260.
Ryan, J. J., Kreiner, D. S., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Umfleet, L. G. (2015). Classification accuracy of sequentially administered WAIS-IV short forms. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(6), 409-414. doi:10.1080/23279095.2014.953677
Ryan, J. J., Lopez, S. J., & Werth, T. R. (1998). Administration time estimated for WAIS-III subtests, scales, and short forms in a clinical sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 16(4), 315-323.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600403
Ryan, J. J., & Rosenberg, S. J. (1984). Administration time estimates for WAIS-R subtests and short forms in a clinical sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2(2), 125-129. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428298400200205
Schrimsher, G. W., O'Bryant, S. E., O'Jile, J. R., & Sutker, P. B. (2008). Comparison of tetradic WAIS-III short forms in predicting full scale IQ scores in neuropsychiatric clinic settings. Journal of Psychopathology and
Behavioral Assessment, 30(3), 235-240. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-007-9066-9
Sumiyoshi, C., Fujino, H., Sumiyoshi, T., Yasuda, Y., Yamamori, H., Ohi, K., Fujimoto, M., Takeda, M., & Hashimoto, R. (2016). Usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale short form for assessing functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry research, 245, 371-378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.018
Tellegen, A., & Briggs, P. F. (1967). Old wine in new skins: Grouping Wechsler subtests into new scales. Journal of consulting psychology, 31(5), 499.
Úbeda, R., Tomás, P., Dasí, C., Ruiz, J. C., & Fuentes, I. (2017). Forma abreviada de la WAIS-IV: Estudio piloto en pacientes con esquizofrenia. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 17(1), 77-86.
Umfleet, L. G., Ryan, J. J., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Morris, J. (2012). Estimating WAIS-IV indexes: Proration versus linear scaling in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 390-396. doi:10.1002/jclp.21827
van Duijvenbode, N., Didden, R., van den Hazel, T., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2016). Psychometric qualities of a tetrad WAIS-III short form for use in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disability. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 19(1), 26-30. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.893265
van Ool, J. S., Hurks, P. P. M., Snoeijen-Schouwenaars, F. M., Tan, I. Y., Schelhaas, H. J., Klinkenberg, S., Aldenkamp, A.P, & Hendriksen, J. G. M. (2018). Accuracy of WISC-III and WAIS-IV short forms in patients with neurological disorders. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(2), 101-107.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2016.1277799
Velthorst, E., Levine, S. Z., Henquet, C., de Haan, L., van Os, J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Reichenberg, A. (2013). To cut a short test even shorter: Reliability and validity of a brief assessment of intellectual ability in schizophrenia-a control-case family study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(6), 574-593. doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.731390
Wechsler, D. (1939). Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1946). Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, Form II. San Antonio, TX, US: Psychological Corporation
Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Coporation.
Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1997). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (2008). Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos-Cuarta Edición: Manual técnico y de interpretación. Madrid: NCS Pearson.
Blyler, C. R., Gold, J. M., Iannone, V. N., & Buchanan, R. W. (2000). Short form of the WAIS-III for use with patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 46(2-3), 209-215. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00017-7
Brooks, B. L., & Weaver, L. E. (2005). Concurrent validity of WAIS-III short forms in a geriatric sample with suspected dementia: Verbal, performance and full scale IQ scores. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(8), 1043-1051. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.005
Bulzacka, E., Meyers, J. E., Boyer, L., Le Gloahec, T., Fond, G., Szöke, A., Leboyer, M., & Schürhoff, F. (2016). WAIS-IV seven-subtest short form: Validity and clinical use in schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(8), 915-925.
Crawford, J. R., Allan, K. M., McGeorge, P., & Kelly, S. M. (1997). Base rate data on the abnormality of subtest scatter for WAIS-R short-forms. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 433-444. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01250.x
Crawford, J. R., Allum, S., & Kinion, J. E. (2008). An index-based short form of the WAIS-III with accompanying analysis of reliability and abnormality of differences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 215-237.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466507X258859
Denney, D. A., Ringe, W. K., & Lacritz, L. H. (2015). Dyadic short forms of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-IV. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(5), 404-412. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv035
Donders, J., & Axlerod, B. N. (2002). Two-subtest estimations of WAIS-III factor index scores. Psychological assessment, 14(3), 360. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.360
Donell, A., Pliskin, N., Holdnack, J., Axelrod, B., & Randolph, C. (2007). Rapidly-administered short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3rd edition. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(8), 917-924. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.06.007
Fuentes, I.; Romero, M., Dasí, C., & Ruiz, J. C. (2010). Versión abreviada del WAIS-III para su uso en la evaluación de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Psicothema, 22(2), 202-207.
Girard, T. A., Axelrod, B. N., Patel, R., & Crawford, J. R. (2015). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV dyads for estimating global intelligence. Assessment, 22(4), 441-448. doi:10.1177/1073191114551551
Girard, T. A., Axelrod, B. N., & Wilkins, L. K. (2010). Comparison of WAIS-III short forms for measuring index and full-scale scores. Assessment, 17(3), 400-405. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191110369763
Grégoire, J., & Wierzbicki, C. (2009). Comparaison de quatre formes abrégées de l'échelle d'intelligence de Wechsler pour adultes-troisiéme édition (WAIS-III). European Review of Applied Psychology / Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée, 59(1), 17-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2007.08.003
Iverson, G., Sherman, E., Myers, B., & Adams, R. (2000). Clinical usefulness of the WAIS-R seven-subtest short form in persons with lateralized brain lesions. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 18(3), 16-20.
Keefe, R. S., Vinogradov, S., Medalia, A., Silverstein, S. M., Bell, M. D., Dickinson, D., Ventura, D., Marder, S. R. & Stroup, T. S. (2011). Report from the working group conference on multisite trial design for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 37(5), 1057-1065.
Kulas, J. F., & Axelrod, B. N. (2002). Comparison of seven-subtest and Satz-Mogel short forms of the WAIS-III. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(7), 773-782. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.2009
Lange, R. T., Iverson, G. L., Viljoen, H., & Brink, J. (2007). Clinical validation of canadian WAIS-III index short forms in inpatient neuropsychiatry and forensic psychiatry. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(3), 434-441. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854040600584649
Lindau, M. & Najström, M. (2018): Cross-cultural applicability and reduction of the American seven-subtest short form of the WAIS on a Swedish non-clinical sample. Nordic Psychology, 1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1520643
López, M. J. L., González, J. M. R., Vilariño, C. S., & Linales, E. T. (2003). Utilidad de las formas cortas de la escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para adultos (WAIS). Anales De Psicología, 19(1), 55-63.
López, M. J. L., González, J. M. R., Vilariño, C. S., & Linales, E. T. (2002). Evaluación de la capacidad intelectual a través de una forma abreviada del WAIS. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnóstico Y Evaluación Psicologica, 13(1), 147-162.
Mendella, P. D., McFadden, L., Regan, J., & Medlock, L. (2000). Short-form prediction of WAIS—R scores in a sample of individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(2), 102-107. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0702_6
Meyers, J. E., Zellinger, M. M., Kockler, T., Wagner, M., & Miller, R. M. (2013). A validated seven-subtest short form for the WAIS-IV. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 20(4), 249-256. doi:10.1080/09084282.2012.710180
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7), e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Mueller, D. R., Schmidt, S. J., & Roder, V. (2015). One-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of integrated neurocognitive therapy for schizophrenia outpatients. Schizophrenia bulletin, 41(3), 604-616.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Olivier, T. W., Golden, C. J., Acevedo, A., Sterk, V. I., Espinosa, B.S., & Spengler, K. M. (2013). WAIS-IV index and full scale intelligence quotient score differences between standard and prorated scoring methods. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 3(1), 57-77.
Resnick, R. J., & Entin, A. D. (1971). Is an abbreviated form of the WISC valid for Afro-American children? Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(1), 97-99.
Ringe, W. K., Saine, K. C., Lactriz, L. H., Hynan, L. S., & Cullum, C. M. (2002). Dyadic short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. Assessment, 9(3), 254-260.
Ryan, J. J., Kreiner, D. S., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Umfleet, L. G. (2015). Classification accuracy of sequentially administered WAIS-IV short forms. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(6), 409-414. doi:10.1080/23279095.2014.953677
Ryan, J. J., Lopez, S. J., & Werth, T. R. (1998). Administration time estimated for WAIS-III subtests, scales, and short forms in a clinical sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 16(4), 315-323.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600403
Ryan, J. J., & Rosenberg, S. J. (1984). Administration time estimates for WAIS-R subtests and short forms in a clinical sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2(2), 125-129. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428298400200205
Schrimsher, G. W., O'Bryant, S. E., O'Jile, J. R., & Sutker, P. B. (2008). Comparison of tetradic WAIS-III short forms in predicting full scale IQ scores in neuropsychiatric clinic settings. Journal of Psychopathology and
Behavioral Assessment, 30(3), 235-240. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-007-9066-9
Sumiyoshi, C., Fujino, H., Sumiyoshi, T., Yasuda, Y., Yamamori, H., Ohi, K., Fujimoto, M., Takeda, M., & Hashimoto, R. (2016). Usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale short form for assessing functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry research, 245, 371-378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.018
Tellegen, A., & Briggs, P. F. (1967). Old wine in new skins: Grouping Wechsler subtests into new scales. Journal of consulting psychology, 31(5), 499.
Úbeda, R., Tomás, P., Dasí, C., Ruiz, J. C., & Fuentes, I. (2017). Forma abreviada de la WAIS-IV: Estudio piloto en pacientes con esquizofrenia. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 17(1), 77-86.
Umfleet, L. G., Ryan, J. J., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Morris, J. (2012). Estimating WAIS-IV indexes: Proration versus linear scaling in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 390-396. doi:10.1002/jclp.21827
van Duijvenbode, N., Didden, R., van den Hazel, T., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2016). Psychometric qualities of a tetrad WAIS-III short form for use in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disability. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 19(1), 26-30. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.893265
van Ool, J. S., Hurks, P. P. M., Snoeijen-Schouwenaars, F. M., Tan, I. Y., Schelhaas, H. J., Klinkenberg, S., Aldenkamp, A.P, & Hendriksen, J. G. M. (2018). Accuracy of WISC-III and WAIS-IV short forms in patients with neurological disorders. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(2), 101-107.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2016.1277799
Velthorst, E., Levine, S. Z., Henquet, C., de Haan, L., van Os, J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Reichenberg, A. (2013). To cut a short test even shorter: Reliability and validity of a brief assessment of intellectual ability in schizophrenia-a control-case family study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(6), 574-593. doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.731390
Wechsler, D. (1939). Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1946). Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, Form II. San Antonio, TX, US: Psychological Corporation
Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Coporation.
Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1997). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (2008). Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos-Cuarta Edición: Manual técnico y de interpretación. Madrid: NCS Pearson.