Intergenerational leisure spaces and social support networks among care leavers
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Abstract
Care leavers with fragile or absent social network support transition quickly into adulthood by supporting themselves from a very young age, affecting their psychological and social development. The aim of this research was to identify how intergenerational spaces, meaningful support networks and family relations are constructed by and by this vulnerable youth. To this end, a qualitative study was carried out in which twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with young people leaving the child protection system and fifteen professionals in socio-educational intervention who work with this group. From the analysis of their discourses, the results point to a marked absence of adult referents outside the institutional fabric, especially at the beginning of the transition to independent life. Likewise, the existence of a social support network is evidenced, mainly constituted by other young people known throughout their trajectory in the protection system. The testimonies gather the experiences, lived throughout their transit through the protection system, which encourage the interaction of these young people with people of other ages, especially in intergenerational spaces of leisure and community services, which emerge as an alternative and opportunity to weave a more solid and heterogeneous social network that facilitates the transition to adult life of these young people. This open up a line of future research to optimise psychoeducational intervention with this group.
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Díaz-Esterri, J., De-Juanas, Ángel, & Goig-Martínez, R. (2021). Intergenerational leisure spaces and social support networks among care leavers. Psychology, Society & Education, 13(3), 39–53. Retrieved from https://journals.uco.es/psye/article/view/14005
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References
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Campos, G., Goig, R. y Cuenca, E. (2020). La importancia de la red de apoyo social para la emancipación de jóvenes en acogimiento residencial. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 1(1), 27-54. https://doi:10.25115/psye.v10i1.712
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Comasòlivas, A., Sala-Roca, J. y Marzo, T. E. (2018). Los recursos residenciales para la transición hacia la vida adulta de los jóvenes tutelados en Cataluña. Pedagogía Social. Revista Interuniversitaria, 31, 125-137. https://doi:10.7179/PSRI_2018.31.10
Cuenca, E., Campos, G. y Goig, R. (2018). El tránsito a la vida adulta de los jóvenes en acogimiento residencial: el rol de la familia. Educación XX1, 21(1), 321-344. https://doi:10.5944/educXX1.20201
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Garro-Gil, N. (2017). Relation, relational rationality and reflexivity: three fundamental concepts of relational sociology. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 79(3), 633-660.
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Hage, L. y Pillay J. (2017). Gendered experiences of African male learners in child and youth-headed households: implications for the role of psychologists. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316685073
Harnisch, H. y Montgomery, E. (2017). “What kept me going”: a qualitative study of avoidant responses to war-related adversity and perpetration of violence by former forcibly recruited children and youth in the Acholi region of northern Uganda. Social Science and Medicine, 188, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.07.007
Jansen, H. (2013). La lógica de la investigación por encuesta cualitativa y su posición en el campo de los métodos de investigación social. Paradigmas, 5, 39-72.
Jardim, C. y Marques da Silva, S. (2018). Young people engaging in volunteering: questioning a generational trend in an individualized society. Societies, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8010008
Kleijberg, M., Ahlberg, BM., Hilton, R. y Tishelman, C. (2020). Death, loss and community-perspectives from children, their parents and older adults on intergenerational community-based arts initiatives in Sweden. Health Social Care in the Community, 28(6), 2025-2036. https://doi-org.dti.sibucsc.cl/10.1111/hsc.13014
Kuckartz, U. y Rädiker, S. (2019). Analyzing qualitative data with MAXQDA. Text, Audio and Video. Springer.
Mann-Feder, V. R. y Goyette, M. (2019). Leaving care and the transition to adulthood: international contributions to theory, research and practice. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Mansilla, M., Olaya, C. y Picazo, M. (2018). ¿Qué papel tiene el apego en la aparición de dificultades y fortalezas en menores en acogimiento residencial? Psychology, Society & Education, 10(2), 163-171. https://doi:10.25115/psye.v10i1.712
Martín, E. y Dávila, L. M. (2008). Redes de apoyo social y adaptación de los menores en acogimiento residencial. Psicothema, 20(2), 229-235.
Martín, E., González-Navasa, P. y Domene-Quesada, L. (2021). Entre dos sistemas: los jóvenes tutelados en acogimiento residencial con medidas judiciales. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 31, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a5
McKee, L. y Heydon, R. (2015). Orchestrating literacies: print literacy learning opportunities within multimodal intergenerational ensembles. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 15(2), 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798414533562
Melkman, E. P. (2017). Childhood adversity, social support networks and well-being among youth aging out of care: an exploratory study of mediation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.020
Mendes, P. y Snow, P. (Eds.) (2016). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mmusi, F. I. y Van Breda, A. D. (2017). Male care-leavers transfer of social skills from care into independent living in South Africa. Children and Youth Services Review, 81, 350–357. https://doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.024
Moral, M. (2017). Programas intergeneracionales y participación social: la integración de los adultos mayores españoles y latinoamericanos en la comunidad. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-1.pips
Morese, R., Palermo, S., Defedele, M., Nervo, J. y Borraccinno, A. (2019). Vulnerability and social exclusión: risk in adolescence and old age. En R. Morese y S. Palermo (Eds.), The new form of social exclusion (pp. 11-27). IntechOpen.
Pieris, D. (2020). Understanding empathic and cooperative intergenerational relationships: a new theoretical framework. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 18(4), 451-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2020.1723775
Pulido-Acosta, F. y Herrera-Clavero, F. (2018). Relaciones entre rendimiento e inteligencia emocional en secundaria. Tendencias Pedagógicas, 31, 165-186. https://doi:10.15366/tp2018.31.010
Refaeli, T., Benbenishty, R. y Zeira, A. (2019). Predictors of life satisfaction among care leavers: a mixed-method longitudinal study. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.044
Rodríguez, M. y Vidal, C. (2015). Solidaridad intergeneracional: jóvenes y adultos mayores en estrecha colaboración. Prospectiva: Revista De Trabajo Social E Intervención Social, 20, 261-278.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2021). Ilostat. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/youth/
Saenz, M., Alonso, R. A., Ponce-de-León, A. y De-Juanas, A. (2019). Perfil de las familias españolas en las que conviven tres generaciones. Caurensia. Revista anual de Ciencias Eclesiásticas, 14, 452-473.
Saenz, M., Sanz, E., Valdemoros, M. A., Ponce-de-León, A. y Alonso, R.A. (2020). Ocio y bienestar en clave intergeneracional. En J. A. Caride, M. B. Caballo y R. Gradaille (Coords.), Tiempos, educación y ocio en una sociedad de redes (pp. 139-152). Octaedro. https://doi.org/10.36006/16264-08
Strauss, A. y Corbin J. (2003). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Suárez, P. A. y Vélez, M. (2018). El papel de la familia en el desarrollo social del niño: una mirada desde la afectividad, la comunicación familiar y estilos de educación parental. Revista Psicoespacios, 12(20), 173-198. https://doi.org/10.25057/issn.2145-2776
Toyoshima, A. y Sato, S. (2019). Examination of the effect of preference for solitude on subjective well-being and developmental change. Journal of Adult Development, 26, 139-148. https://doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9307-z
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
Ungar, M. (2018). The differential impact of social services on young people’s resilience. Child Abuse and Neglect, 78, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.024
Vargas, T. (2018). Diálogos intergeneracionales rotos. Estudios sociales, XLI(157), 273-279.
Vizoso, C. M. (2019). Resiliencia, optimismo y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Educación. Psychology, Society & Education, 11(3), 367-377. https://doi.org/10.25115/psye.v10i1.2280
Whitman, S. y Liebenberg, L. (2015). Barriers to resilience processes: understanding the experiences and challenges of former child soldiers integrating into Canadian society. Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology, 11, 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/t23633-000
Alonso, E., Santana, L. y Feliciano, L. (2017). Proyecto de inserción sociolaboral, ¿subimos juntos la escalera? Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Docencia (REID), 18, 69-73.
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Presidential address: the emergence of emerging adulthood: a personal history. Emerging Adulthood, 2(3), 155–162. https://doi:10.1177/2167696814541096
Barrera-Herrera, A. y Vinet, E. V. (2017). Adultez emergente y características culturales de la etapa en universitarios chilenos. Terapia Psicológica, 35(1), 47-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082017000100005
Berger, K. S. (2016). Psicología del desarrollo. Infancia y adolescencia. Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Brock, R. L. y Kochanska, G. (2016). Interparental conflict, children's security with parents, and long-term risk of internalizing problems: a longitudinal study from ages 2 to 10. Development and psychopathology, 28(1), 45-54. https://doi:10.1017/S0954579415000279
Campos, G., Goig, R. y Cuenca, E. (2020). La importancia de la red de apoyo social para la emancipación de jóvenes en acogimiento residencial. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 1(1), 27-54. https://doi:10.25115/psye.v10i1.712
Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T. y Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2017). The multivariate roles of family instability and interparental conflict in predicting children’s representations of insecurity in the family system and early school adjustment problems. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45(2), 211-224. https://doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0164-6
Comasòlivas, A., Sala-Roca, J. y Marzo, T. E. (2018). Los recursos residenciales para la transición hacia la vida adulta de los jóvenes tutelados en Cataluña. Pedagogía Social. Revista Interuniversitaria, 31, 125-137. https://doi:10.7179/PSRI_2018.31.10
Cuenca, E., Campos, G. y Goig, R. (2018). El tránsito a la vida adulta de los jóvenes en acogimiento residencial: el rol de la familia. Educación XX1, 21(1), 321-344. https://doi:10.5944/educXX1.20201
De-Juanas, A., García-Castilla, F. J., Galán-Casado, D. y Díaz-Esterri, J. (2020). Time management of young people in social difficulties: proposals for improvement in their life trajectories. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 9070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239070
Di Blasi, M., Crispino, T., Marfia, A., Cavani, P. y Giordano, C. (2016). Transition to adulthood and recession: a qualitative study. Journal of Youth Studies, 19, 1043-1060. https://doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1136055
Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. John Wiley and Sons.
Garro-Gil, N. (2017). Relation, relational rationality and reflexivity: three fundamental concepts of relational sociology. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 79(3), 633-660.
Goig, R. y Martínez, I. (2019). La transición a la vida adulta de los jóvenes extutelados. Una mirada hacia la dimensión “vida residencial”. Bordón. Revista de Pedagogía, 71(2), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2019.67905
González-García, C., Bravo, A., Arruabarrena, M. I., Martín, E., Santos, I., & Del Valle, J. F. (2017). Emotional and behavioral problems of children in residential care: Screening detection and referrals to mental health services. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.011
Hage, L. y Pillay J. (2017). Gendered experiences of African male learners in child and youth-headed households: implications for the role of psychologists. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316685073
Harnisch, H. y Montgomery, E. (2017). “What kept me going”: a qualitative study of avoidant responses to war-related adversity and perpetration of violence by former forcibly recruited children and youth in the Acholi region of northern Uganda. Social Science and Medicine, 188, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.07.007
Jansen, H. (2013). La lógica de la investigación por encuesta cualitativa y su posición en el campo de los métodos de investigación social. Paradigmas, 5, 39-72.
Jardim, C. y Marques da Silva, S. (2018). Young people engaging in volunteering: questioning a generational trend in an individualized society. Societies, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8010008
Kleijberg, M., Ahlberg, BM., Hilton, R. y Tishelman, C. (2020). Death, loss and community-perspectives from children, their parents and older adults on intergenerational community-based arts initiatives in Sweden. Health Social Care in the Community, 28(6), 2025-2036. https://doi-org.dti.sibucsc.cl/10.1111/hsc.13014
Kuckartz, U. y Rädiker, S. (2019). Analyzing qualitative data with MAXQDA. Text, Audio and Video. Springer.
Mann-Feder, V. R. y Goyette, M. (2019). Leaving care and the transition to adulthood: international contributions to theory, research and practice. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Mansilla, M., Olaya, C. y Picazo, M. (2018). ¿Qué papel tiene el apego en la aparición de dificultades y fortalezas en menores en acogimiento residencial? Psychology, Society & Education, 10(2), 163-171. https://doi:10.25115/psye.v10i1.712
Martín, E. y Dávila, L. M. (2008). Redes de apoyo social y adaptación de los menores en acogimiento residencial. Psicothema, 20(2), 229-235.
Martín, E., González-Navasa, P. y Domene-Quesada, L. (2021). Entre dos sistemas: los jóvenes tutelados en acogimiento residencial con medidas judiciales. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 31, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a5
McKee, L. y Heydon, R. (2015). Orchestrating literacies: print literacy learning opportunities within multimodal intergenerational ensembles. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 15(2), 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468798414533562
Melkman, E. P. (2017). Childhood adversity, social support networks and well-being among youth aging out of care: an exploratory study of mediation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.020
Mendes, P. y Snow, P. (Eds.) (2016). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mmusi, F. I. y Van Breda, A. D. (2017). Male care-leavers transfer of social skills from care into independent living in South Africa. Children and Youth Services Review, 81, 350–357. https://doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.024
Moral, M. (2017). Programas intergeneracionales y participación social: la integración de los adultos mayores españoles y latinoamericanos en la comunidad. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-1.pips
Morese, R., Palermo, S., Defedele, M., Nervo, J. y Borraccinno, A. (2019). Vulnerability and social exclusión: risk in adolescence and old age. En R. Morese y S. Palermo (Eds.), The new form of social exclusion (pp. 11-27). IntechOpen.
Pieris, D. (2020). Understanding empathic and cooperative intergenerational relationships: a new theoretical framework. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 18(4), 451-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2020.1723775
Pulido-Acosta, F. y Herrera-Clavero, F. (2018). Relaciones entre rendimiento e inteligencia emocional en secundaria. Tendencias Pedagógicas, 31, 165-186. https://doi:10.15366/tp2018.31.010
Refaeli, T., Benbenishty, R. y Zeira, A. (2019). Predictors of life satisfaction among care leavers: a mixed-method longitudinal study. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.044
Rodríguez, M. y Vidal, C. (2015). Solidaridad intergeneracional: jóvenes y adultos mayores en estrecha colaboración. Prospectiva: Revista De Trabajo Social E Intervención Social, 20, 261-278.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2021). Ilostat. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/youth/
Saenz, M., Alonso, R. A., Ponce-de-León, A. y De-Juanas, A. (2019). Perfil de las familias españolas en las que conviven tres generaciones. Caurensia. Revista anual de Ciencias Eclesiásticas, 14, 452-473.
Saenz, M., Sanz, E., Valdemoros, M. A., Ponce-de-León, A. y Alonso, R.A. (2020). Ocio y bienestar en clave intergeneracional. En J. A. Caride, M. B. Caballo y R. Gradaille (Coords.), Tiempos, educación y ocio en una sociedad de redes (pp. 139-152). Octaedro. https://doi.org/10.36006/16264-08
Strauss, A. y Corbin J. (2003). Bases de la investigación cualitativa: técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Suárez, P. A. y Vélez, M. (2018). El papel de la familia en el desarrollo social del niño: una mirada desde la afectividad, la comunicación familiar y estilos de educación parental. Revista Psicoespacios, 12(20), 173-198. https://doi.org/10.25057/issn.2145-2776
Toyoshima, A. y Sato, S. (2019). Examination of the effect of preference for solitude on subjective well-being and developmental change. Journal of Adult Development, 26, 139-148. https://doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9307-z
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
Ungar, M. (2018). The differential impact of social services on young people’s resilience. Child Abuse and Neglect, 78, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.024
Vargas, T. (2018). Diálogos intergeneracionales rotos. Estudios sociales, XLI(157), 273-279.
Vizoso, C. M. (2019). Resiliencia, optimismo y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Educación. Psychology, Society & Education, 11(3), 367-377. https://doi.org/10.25115/psye.v10i1.2280
Whitman, S. y Liebenberg, L. (2015). Barriers to resilience processes: understanding the experiences and challenges of former child soldiers integrating into Canadian society. Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology, 11, 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/t23633-000