Relationship between the consumption of PEGI18 video games with explicit violence, bullying, and cyberbullying
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bullying is one of the most common victimizing experiences in childhood and adolescence, with important emotional correlates. The scientific literature has shown that exposure to violent content is associated with a greater predisposition to perpetrate and/or be a victim of bullying or cyberbullying. Different studies have highlighted the importance that the consumption of certain types of video games (with explicit violent content) can have at this level. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between the consumption of violent video games (labeled as PEGI18) and the rates of bullying and cyberbullying. An exploratory study was carried out, accessing 15 educational centers and a total sample of 2,083 primary and secondary school students (10-17 years old). A self administered questionnaire was used which included the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, along with items related to video games use. The results show the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the consumption of violent video games, bullying, and cyberbullying, especially at early ages. These findings highlight the need for a more effective regulation, which ensures an adjustment between the video games consumed and the age of the user.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal retains the economic copyright of contributions that are accepted for publication. This means that it acquires the exclusive use of the document to be edited, disseminated, preserved, etc. in any support and for the time stipulated by the local legislation that regulates the performance of the publication.
Psychology, Society & Education is published under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
References
Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Dobarro González, A., & Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 772-790. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.772
Andrade, B., Guadix, I., Rial, A., & Suárez, F. (2021). Impacto de la tecnología en la adolescencia. Relaciones, riesgos y oportunidades. UNICEF España.
Asociación Española de Videojuegos. (2023). Anuario de la industria del videojuego en 2022. http://www.aevi.org.es/documentacion/elanuario-del-videojuego/
Bae, S.-M. (2021). The relationship between exposure to risky online content, cyber victimization, perception of cyberbullying, and cyberbullying offending in Korean adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 123, Article 105946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105946
Bauerová, R., & Kop.ivová, V. (2023). Avoiding cyberbullying: What is the parental role in this issue? Acta Academica Karviniensia, 23(2), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.25142/aak.2023.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25142/aak.2023.012
Burkhardt, J., & Lenhard, W. (2022). A meta-analysis on the longitudinal, age dependent effects of violent video games on aggression. Media Psychology, 25(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729
Çevik, Ö., ATA, R., & Çevik, M. (2021). Bullying and victimization among Turkish adolescents: The predictive role of problematic internet use, school burnout and parental monitoring. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 3203-3230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10410-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10410-1
Denson, T. F., Kasumovic, M. M., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2022). Understanding the desire to play violent video games: An integrative motivational theory. Motivation Science, 8(2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000246
Drummond, A., Sauer, J. D., & Ferguson, C. J. (2020). Do longitudinal studies support long-term relationships between aggressive game play and youth aggressive behaviour? A meta-analytic examination. Royal Society Open Science, 7(7), Article 200373. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200373
Estévez, E., Cañas, E., Estévez, J. F., & Povedano, A. (2020). Continuity and overlap of roles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying in adolescence: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), Article 7452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207452
Feijóo, S., Foody, M., O’Higgins Norman, J., Pichel, R., & Rial, A. (2021a). Cyberbullies, the cyberbullied, and problematic internet use: Some reasonable similarities. Psicothema, 33(2), 198-205. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.209
Feijóo, S., O’Higgins-Norman, J., Foody, M., Pichel, R., Braña, T., Varela, J., & Rial, A. (2021b). Sex differences in adolescent bullying behaviours. Psychosocial Intervention, 30(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a1
Ferguson, C. J., Copenhaver, A., & Markey, P. (2020). Reexamining the findings of the American Psychological Association’s 2015 task force on violent media: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1423-1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927666
Gabelas Barroso, J.A., & Marta Lazo, C. (2020). La era TRIC: factor R-elacional y educomunicación. Ediciones Egregius. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 27(3), 1001-1002. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.76745 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.76745
Gómez, P., Harris, S. K., Barreiro, C., Isorna, M., & Rial, A. (2017). Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027
Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2018). Parenting practices as risk or preventive factors for adolescent involvement in cyberbullying: Contribution of children and parent gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), Article 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664
Greitemeyer, T. (2022). The dark and bright side of video game consumption: Effects of violent and prosocial video games. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, Article 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101326
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2019). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 18(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417
Jadambaa, A., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., Graves, N., Brain, D., & Pacella, R. (2019). Prevalence of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among children and adolescents in Australia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(9), 878-888. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419846393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419846393
Kaloeti, D. V. S., Manalu, R., Kristiana, I. F., & Bidzan, M. (2021). The role of social media use in peer bullying victimization and onset of anxiety among Indonesian elementary school children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635725 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635725
King, D. L., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). Not playing around: Gaming disorder in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Journal of Adolescent Health 64(1), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.010
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5
Leonhardt, M., & Overå, S. (2021). Are there differences in video gaming and use of social media among boys and girls? A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116085
Li, C., Wang, P., Martin-Moratinos, M., Bella-Fernández, M., & Blasco-Fontecilla, H. (2022). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying in the digital age and its associated mental health problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02128-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02128-x
López-Gómez, S., Rial-Boubeta, A., Marín-Suelves, D., & Rodríguez- Rodríguez, J. (2022). Videojuegos, salud, convivencia y adicción. ¿Qué dice la evidencia científica? Psychology, Society & Education, 14(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14178
Martínez-Ferrer, B., Moreno, D., & Musitu, G. (2018). Are adolescents engaged in the problematic use of social networking sites more involved in peer aggression and victimization? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00801
Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Finding common ground in meta-analysis “wars” on violent video games. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 705-708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850104
Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Suetani, S., Thomas, H. J., Sly, P. D, & Scott, J. G. (2017). Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60
Olejarnik, S. Z., & Romano, D. (2023). Is playing violent video games a risk factor for aggressive behaviour? Adding narcissism, self-esteem and PEGI ratings to the debate. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155807
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Blackwell Publishers.
Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.682358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
Ortega-Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R., & Casas, J. A. (2016). Evaluar el bullying y el cyberbullying validación española del EBIP-Q y del ECIP-Q. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.004
PEGI. (2015). PEGI Annual Report. http://www.pegi.info
PEGI. (2017). ¿Qué significan las etiquetas? https://pegi.info/es/quesignifican-las-etiquetas
Pichel, R., Feijóo, S., Isorna, M., Varela, J., & Rial, A. (2022). Analysis of the relationship between school bullying, cyberbullying, and substance use. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, Article 106369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106369
Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882-9888.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114
Skowronski, M., Busching, R., & Krahé, B. (2021). The effects of sexualized video game characters and character personalization on women’s self-objectification and body satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 92, Article 104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104051
Teng, Z., Yang, C., Stomski, M., Nie, Q., & Guo, C. (2022). Violent video game exposure and bullying in early adolescence: A longitudinal study examining moderation of trait aggressiveness and moral identity. Psychology of Violence, 12(3), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000424
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Uçur, Ö., & Dönmez, Y. E. (2022). The effects of violent video games on reactive-proactive aggression and cyberbullying. Current Psychology, 42, 2609-2618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04045-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04045-3
UNESCO. (2019). Más allá de los números: Poner fin a la violencia y el acoso en el ámbito escolar. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378398
Vaillancourt, T., Faris, R., & Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying in children and youth: Implications for health and clinical practice. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(6), 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684791
Walters, G. D. (2021). School-age bullying victimization and perpetration: A meta-analysis of prospective studies and research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(5), 1129-1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513
Zhou, H., Wei, X., Jiang, H., Tuo, A., Lu, G., Liang, H., & Xiao, N. (2023). The link between exposure to violent media, normative beliefs about aggression, self-control, and aggression: A comparison of traditional and cyberbullying. Aggressive Behavior, 49(2), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22057