La humillación y su relación con la victimización por acoso: una revisión narrativa
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La humillación es un fenómeno vinculado a las dinámicas de acoso que origina interacciones perturbadoras y traumáticas para las víctimas. Por ello, la relación entre la humillación y el acoso representa un tema de investigación con repercusiones significativas para el ámbito del bienestar social. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son: revisar el concepto de humillación –y su naturaleza– de acuerdo con la literatura sobre este fenómeno; revisar las principales consecuencias derivadas de la experiencia emocional de humillación; y analizar la relación entre humillación y victimización por acoso. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión narrativa basada en una selección de 78 artículos. La humillación se ha definido como una emoción autoconsciente que aparece cuando un individuo es injustamente degradado por otros. En una situación humillante, las personas que internalizan una devaluación del yo, y que valoran dicha situación como injusta, tienden a experimentar mayores niveles de humillación. La humillación se ha relacionado con conductas violentas comandadas por la represalia y con estados de indefensión que pueden culminar en suicidio. En el marco del acoso, la hostilidad aumenta la percepción de injusticia, mientras que el estatus social facilita la internalización de devaluación. Los testigos desempeñan un rol clave en la intensificación de la humillación, puesto que la víctima percibe la devaluación de manera más injusta, y la presencia de una audiencia facilita su internalización. Asimismo, responder activamente al acoso mitiga la experiencia emocional de humillación debido a una mayor percepción de control. La humillación resultante del acoso ejerce un impacto negativo en el bienestar social, por lo que el abordaje de este fenómeno requiere el estudio de los factores que permiten y perpetúan su contingencia.
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